Sobanukirwa namwe mumagambo akoreshwa n'abahanga mu by'imiti

 Council: Urugaga.National Pharmacy Council (NPC): Urugaga rwabahanga m’Umuhanga mu by’imiti.

Rwanda Community pharmacists Union (RCPU): Ihuriro ryabahanaga m’ubyimiti bakora muri pharmacy zidandaza (Community Pharmacy).

Pharmacist : Umuhanga mu by’imiti.

Umuhanga mu by’imiti: Umuntu wese ufite impamyabushobozi y’ikiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu buhanga mu by’imiti wanditswe kandi wemewe.

Farumakope (Pharmacopoeia): Igitabo ngenderwaho kirimo amabwiriza agomba gukurikizwa mu gihe cy’ikorwa ry’umuti, cy’ibiwugize, kuwusuzuma, kuwubika no kumenya imikoreshereze yawo.

Farumasi (Pharmacy): Ahantu hose hemewe gukorerwa umwuga w’ubuhanga mu by’imiti.

Farumasiye ushinzwe farumasi (Head pharmacist): Umuntu wahawe inshingano zose zo gucunga farumasi idandaza, farumasi iranguza, uruganda rukora imiti.

Ibintu binoza kandi bisukura umubiri (Cosmetics): ibintu byose bikoreshwa hakoreshejwe gusirita (rubbing) ku mubiri, gusukaho(pouring), kwuka (steaming), gutonyangirizaho,( sprinkling) gutumuriraho(spraying) cyangwa ubundi buryo bwakoreshwa ku mubiri w’umuntu cyangwa ku kindi gice cy’umubiri mu koza no gushaka uburanga, kureshya cyangwa guhindura isura. Birimo kandi ikindi kintu cyose cyigenewe gukoreshwa nka kimwe mu bigize ibintu byisigwa, hatarimo ibikoreshwa mu gusuzuma, kuvura cyangwa gukingira indwara.

Imiti igenzurwa ku buryo bw’umwihariko (Controlled pharmaceutical products): imiti ifatwa nk’ikiyobyabwenge, inkingo, imiti ya antibiyotiki, imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera Sida, imiti ivura igituntu na malariya.

Imiti itujuje ibisabwa (Unfit pharmaceutical products): Imiti yarengeje igihe, ishobora gutera ingaruka mbi, itavura n’imiti idafite ubuziranenge buhagije n’iyo itariki yayo yo gusaza yaba itaragera.

Imiti rusange (Generic pharmaceutical products): Imiti yose itagishinganye (no more patented), yateguriwe mu ruganda kandi igacuruzwa ku izina rusange mpuzamahanga ry’umuti shingiro rikurikiwe cyangwa ridakurikiwe n’izina ry’uruganda.

Imiti yihariye (Branded pharmaceutical products): Imiti yose yakorewe mu ruganda ishinganye (patented) cyangwa idashinganye (no more patented), ifunze ku buryo bwihariye kandi ifite izina ryihariye ry’uruganda.

Umuganga (Medical practitioner): Umuntu wese wemerewe gukora ubuvuzi bw’abantu bishingiye ku mpamyabushobozi y’icyiciro cya kabiri cya Kaminuza mu by’ubuganga.

Umuganga w’amenyo (Dentist): umuntu wese wemerewe gukora imirimo y’ubuvuzi bw’amenyo bishingiye ku mpamuyabumenyi y’icyiciro cya kabiri cya Kaminuza mu by’ubuvuzi bw’amenyo.

Umutekinisiye muri farumasi (Pharmacy technician): umuntu wese ufite impamyabumenyi y’icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza mu buhanga mu by’imiti wanditswe kandi wemewe nk’umutekinisiye muri Farumasi.

umuti (pharmaceutical product): Ikintu cyose gifite ubushobozi bwo gukingira (preventing), kuvura(treating) indwara z' abantu cyangwa iz' inyamaswa, ndetse n' ikindi kintu cyose cyagenewe guhabwa umuntu cyangwa inyamaswa kugira ngo hashobore gukorwa isuzuma ry'indwara, gusana, gukosora cyangwa guhindura imikorere y'umubiri cyangwa iy'ubwenge. Bisobanuye kandi ibintu bikoreshwa mu gusukura inyubako zikorerwamo, zitegurirwamo, zibikwamo ibiribwa n’imiti, gusukura inyubako z’ibitaro, ibikoresho n’amazu y’ubworozi.

Umuti ukomoka ku bimera (Herbal medicine): Umuti wakozwe ufite ikiwuranga cyerekana ibipimo byawo ugizwe n’ikintu kimwe cyangwa byinshi bifite inkomoko y’umwimerere ituruka ku bimera.

Umuti utangwa nta rupapuro mpeshamuti (OTC: Over-the-counter pharmaceutical): Umuti wose uri ku rutonde rwashyizweho na Minisitiri ruteganya imiti itangwa hadakenewe urupapuro mpeshamuti.

Urupapuro mpesha-muti (Medical prescription): Inyandiko ya muganga, muganga w’amenyo, umuganga w’amatungo yandikira umuhanga mu by’imiti ijyanye no gutegura, gutunganya no gutanga umuti.

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Ubushakashatsi kub'udahangarwa rusange bw'abaturage ku cyorezo cya COVID-19

Ese ubudahangarwa rusange ku indwara buba buteye bute?

Aha ufite indwara yerekanwa mu ibara titukura, abari mwibara ry'umukara nabakingiwe. Uyu murwayi ntashobora kwanduza aba bandi kuko bafite ubwirinzi bakomora kurukingo.

Ubudahangarwa bwa rusange bw'abaturage ku indwara buzwi nka ‘herd immunity’ mundimi zamahanga, buzwi nanone kandi ku izina ry'ubudahangarwa rusange bw'abaturage kurwara runaka, ni ubwirinzi butaziguye ku indwara yandura. Ibaho iyo abaturage bafite udahangarwa ku indwara haba biturutse ku gukingirwa cyangwa ubudahangarwa butewe no kuba baranduye indwara mbere umubiri ukiremera ubudahangarwa bitewe namakuru ubwirinzi bw’umubiri bwabitse muguhangana nindwara isa niyambere bigeze kwandura cyangwa kurwara. Nkuko tubikesha umuryango mbuzamahanga wita k'ubuzima (WHO &OMS) ushyigikiye kugera ku 'ubudahangarwa rusange bw’abaturage binyuze mu gukingirwa, nokuba utakwemera ko irwara ikwirakwira mu igice icyo ari cyo cyose cy'abaturage, kuko ibyo byaviramo indwara zahato nato n'impfu nyinshi bitari ngombwa.

Muri iyi shusho ngero, urugero rwambere rwerekana abaturage bataragera kubwirinzi rusange, naho urugero rwakabiri rwerekana abaturage bageze kubwirinzi rusange bw'indwara.

Ese nigute twagera kubwinzi rusange bwa COVID-19?

Ubudahangarwa bw'abaturage rusange burwanya indwara ya COVID-19 bushobora kugerwaho mu baturage binyuze mu gukingirwa, cyangwa kuba warinda abaturage kuba bahura nudukoko (pathogens) dutera kwandura indwara.

• Inkingo n'ubwirinzi karemano bikora bite?

Inkingo zitoza ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri gukora poroteyine zirwanya indwara, zizwi ku izina rya antibodies mundimi zamahanga, aba ni abasirikare barinda umubiri. ibi ni nako byagenda turamutse duhuye n'indwara zandura iyo yongeye kugaruka  isanga umubiri waritoje kwigwanaho muguhangana niyo ndwara uhereye kumakuru yimiterere n'imimere yutunyangingo twiyo ndwara, iyo ndwara itiyiyoberanije ihindura utunyangingo twari tuyigize. Abantu bakingiwe baba barinzwe kwandura indwara no kwanduza virusi, no kumena iminyururu cg inzira iyo ari yo yose yokuba bakwanduza abandi.

Utu tumenyetso tumeze nkinyuguti ya Y nitwo basirikari bumubiri (antibodies) bahangana n'indwara yinjiye mumubiri cg ishaka kwinjira mumubiri.

Ese ubudahangarwa rusange ku cyorezo cya COVID-19 bwaba buzwi?

Kugira ngo ubudahangarwa bw'abaturage cg ubudahangarwa rusange kuri COVID-19 bugerweho, umubare munini w'abaturage ugomba gukingirwa, bikagabanya umubare rusange wa virusi ushobora gukwira mu baturage bose. Imwe mu ntego iba igamijwe mu ukurema ubudahangarwa bwabaturage muri rusange ni ukugira ngo urinde amatsinda atishoboye muguhangana n'indwara cg afite intege nkeya adashobora gukingirwa indwara (urugero: bitewe n'ubuzima bwabantu batihanganira rukingo cg bari allergique “soma arerijike” kubigize urukingo ku rukingo) ngo bagire umutekano wizewe, uhagije kandi barinzwe indwara bidasubirwaho.

Ijanisha ryabantu bakeneye ubudahangarwa kugirango bagere kubudahangarwa bw’abaturage muri rusange buratandukanye kuri buri ndwara. Urugero, ubudahangarwa bwabaturage muri rusange mukurwanya iseru bisaba hafi 95% byabaturage gukingirwa. 5% isigaye izarindwa nuko iseru itazakwirakwizwa mubakingiwe. Kuri polio, urwego rugera kuri 80%. Nkuko tubikesha umuryango mpuza mahanga wita kubuzima (OMS) umubare w'abaturage bagomba gukingirwa COVID-19 kugirango habe hizewe ko ubudahangrwa rusange bwabaturage kugeza ubu iryo janisha ntabwo rizwi. Aka ni agace k’ubushakashatsi gakenewe kandi birashobora kuzatandukana hakurikijwe abaturage aho batuye cg baturuka, bitewe n’urukingo urwarirwo (urugero: Hari urukingo rwa Pfizer, astrazeneca, Johnson & Johnson, …) cg abaturage bashyizwe imbere ngo bakirwe bitewe nibintu bitandukanye, hashobora nogushingirwa no kubindi bintu bitandukanye cg impamvu zitandukanye (other factors).

Iyi shusho yerekana bumwe mubushakashatsi burimo kwiga ku ijanisha fatizo ry'ubudahangarwa bwarusange mubaturage bakingiwe COVID-19.

Gukingira abaturage bakagera ku budahangarwa rusange buhamye kandi bwizewe bituma indwara iba nkeya (makes disease rarer) kandi ubuzima bwabatuge bukaba burinzwe.

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Ubukana nimiterere bw’icyorezo cya coronavirus gihangayikishije isi yose

 

Coronavirus novel 2019 cg COVID-19 ni icyorezo gishya cyatangiye kugaragara mu kwezi k’Ukuboboza umwaka ishize wa 2019. Iki cyorezo kigitangira yari irwara shyashya itari iramenyekana neza iyariyo, hataranamenyekana aho iva nikiyitera. Iki cyorezo cyagaragaye bwambere mugihugu cy’Ubushinwa mugace kitwa Wuhan, iki gihe iyi virusi ntazina yari ifite rizwi. Umuryango mpuzamahanga wita kubuzima (WHO/OMS) ugaragazako yatangiye yitwa irwara ifata imyanya yubuhumekero (umusonga) yafashe abantu bo mugace kamwe ko m'Ubushinwa ka Wuhan (cluster pneumonia). Icyo gihe hari hagikorwa ubushakashatsi butandukanye kwiyi virus ari nako hashakishwa izina ryiki cyorezo. Ku itari ya 11 Gashyantare 2020 umuryango mpuzamahanga waje gutangazako iyi virus yitwa 2019 novel coronavirus izwi kwizina ryimpinte rya COVID-19 (soma kovidi cumi nicyenda cg kovidi nayinetini).

Nkuko tubikesha Worldmeters.info kuva mupmera zukwezi kwa gatatu (cases zari 600 000) ariko kwa Werurwe (31 March, 2020) abantu banduye agakoko ka covid-19 bariyongeye bikabije. Mugihe kitarenze ukwezi n’iniminsi icumi (40 days) abo ibipimo byari byagaragaje ko bafite aka gakoko ka covid-19 bikubye inshuro zigera kuri zirindwi (4.1 million cases). Ubu (9^th May, 2020) abamaze gukira aka gakoko ni miliyoni imwe nibihumbi maganane nabatanu (1.405 million recovered cases) bonyine, naho abarenga ibihumbi maganabiri mirongo inani (280 milles deaths) bamaze gutwarwa ubuzima cg kwitaba Imana (gupfa) bitewe niki cyorezo.

Imbonerahamwe igaragaza ubwiyongere bwa covid-19

WORLDWIDE CASES IN 40 DAYS	TOTAL CASES	RECOVERED	DEATHS
31/03/2020	600,000.0	138,000.0	28,000.0
09/05/2020	4,057,781.0	1,414,721.0	277,944.0
Difference in 40 days	3,457,781.0	1,276,721.0	249,944.0
Ratio in 40 days	6.76	10.25	9.93

Source: worldometers.info/coronavirus (May, 2020) & NZAYISENGA J. (May, 2020).

Mugihe cyiminsi mirongo ine (40) abanduye bashya biyoreye bikabije bikuba ishuro zisatira kuri zirindwi (6.76 times), abapfuye nabo biyongereye ubudahwema bikuba incuro zisaga kw’icumi (9.93 times). Abakize nabo batanze icyizere nubwo kidahagije aha bariyongereye ubwikube incuro icumi zirengaho gato (10.25 times) ugereranyije namezi asaga ane kuva iki cyorezo kigaragaye m'Ubushinwa.

Imiterere cg Anatomi (anatomy) ya koronavivirusi igaragara

Cororonavirus ni urusobe rugari rugizwe n’utunyangingo duto dutanga uruherekane (DNA) rwa virus. Ikagira uduce tubiri (2) twa protein (soma poroteyine) nagace kinuma kameze kameze nkamahwa kitwa spikes (soma sipayike) ari nako kayifasha gufata cg kumatira mubice byuhumekero. Ibi bice tuvuze haruguru nibyo bituma igaragara imeze nkaho ari urugori ruzwi nka cown mundimi zamahanga (aribyo corona). Ibi bice bikikije DNA nibyo bituma iyi virusi ijya mubwoko bwa Corona, kubera biba bimeze nkaho ari urugori. Aha akaba ariho hava izina coronavirus (soma korona virusi), iri jambo rikaba rigizwe namagambo abiri (2) atandukanye ariyo corona (urugori) na virus (virusi).

Hari ubwoko butandukanye bwa coronavirus butandukanye hakurikizwe ibice by’umubiri virusi ziba zafashe. Aha twasangamo izifata izifata imyanya y’ubuhumekero (respiratory system) cgangwa izifata imyanga y’uruwungano ngogozi (gastrointestinal). Aha turibanda izifata umwanya w’ubuhumekero. Ariho dusangamo ibicurane bisanzwe (cammon cold) cg umusonga (pneumonia), ubundi izi rwara ubusanzwe ntiziba zikanganye cyane (mild disease) gusa bibaho ko ziba irwara zikomeye (severe diseaases). Murwara ziterwa na virusi yomubwoko bwa corona zikanganye twangamo izi zikurikira:

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-cov): iyi ni virusi yadutse mumwaka wi 2003 mugihugu cyubushinwa.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-cov): iyi ni virusi yadutse mumwaka wi 2012 mugihugu cya Saudi Arabia.

2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19): iyi yo niyo yugarije isi yose muriki gihe (2020).

Iyi COVID-19 yatangiye kugaragara m’Ubushinwa mugace ka Wuhan m’Ukuboza 2019 ubwo yabonekaga mubaturage baribariye zimwe munyamaswa zinyagasozi cyane izo mumazi y’inyanja (sea food), nizindi zitandukanye ziboneka mumasoko yomwako gace. Aha byatangiyebagaragaza bimwe mubimenyetso bya coronavirus, harimo umuriro, gukorora, guhumeka nabi no kubabara mumihogo.

Ibimenyetso by'irwara ya COVID-19

Source: NZAYISENGA J. (March 2020)

Igihe uburwayi bwakomeye umurwayi ashobora kugira umusonga, gutakaza ubushozi kw’ipyiko (kidney failure) ndetse ukaba wanapfa.

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